Vitamin D receptor activation raises soluble thrombomodulin levels in chronic kidney disease patients: a double blind, randomized trial

BACKGROUND: Thrombomodulin (TM) is a proteoglycan highly represented in the endothelial glycocalix that regulates the haemostasis and the endothelial response to inflammation. High soluble TM levels underlie a lower risk for coronary heart disease in population studies. Activation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) upregulates TM, but the effect of this intervention on soluble TM has never been tested in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. METHODS: We performed a post hoc analysis of a 12 weeks double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial testing the effect of VDR activation by paricalcitol (PCT) on endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) in the forearm (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01680198). Circulating TM was measured in the whole CKD population [88 patients: PCT n = 44; placebo n = 44] that took part into this trial. RESULTS: Soluble TM at baseline was inversely related to the glomerular filtration rate (r = -0.65, P < 0.001) and to FMD (Spearman's ? = -0.29, P = 0.01). Alongside the expected effects on bone mineral biomarkers, PCT produced a consistent rise (P = 0.005) in TM levels, from a median value of 8446.0 pg/mL [interquartile range (IQR): 6227.8-10 910.8 pg/mL] to 9127.5 pg/mL (6393.0-11 287.3 pg/mL) while placebo had no effect (between-groups difference P = 0.008). TM levels re-approached baseline values 2 weeks after stopping PCT. TM changes across the trial paralleled simultaneous changes in FMD. CONCLUSIONS: VDR activation by PCT raises TM levels and FMD and such effects are rapidly reversible after stopping the treatment. The TM rise induced by PCT is a possible mechanism whereby improvement in endothelial function by VDR activation may favourably impact upon vascular health in CKD patients