Zero-Waste Scalable Blade-Spin Coating as Universal Approach for Layer-by-Layer Deposition of 3D/2D Perovskite Films in High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a type of emerging thin-film photovoltaics, which show a promising potential to catch a major portion of the near future market. However, hazardous waste-generation and cost-management of the industrial production are two key issues which need to be addressed in the commercialization process. Herein, a universal coating strategy is introduced by combination of blade and spin coating to realize a zero-waste-generation of the perovskite precursor materials for layer-by-layer deposition of 3D/2D perovskite films on large-area substrates with high uniformity and reproducibility. This leads to eliminate 90% and 95% of the materials consumption compared to the conventional spin-coating for deposition of the 3D and 2D perovskite layers, respectively, without changing of the ink precursor. Large-area PSCs have been realized by blade-spin/blade coating approach reaching 19.55% photo-conversion efficiency (PCE) over 0.92 cm(2) masked area and >1000 h T90 thermal stability at 85 degrees C. Fabricated perovskite solar modules via blade-spin/blade deposition have been reached to 18.8% PCE over 10 cm(2) active-area. The economic analysis shows the potential for >90% decrease of the operational expenditure via break-down of the material costs from 1.99 euro m(-2) in spin coating method to 0.18 euro m(-2) in blade-spin/blade coating approach.