Mediterranean grassland species from traditional to multiple uses

We focused our attention on grassland species suitable for multiple uses, as source of bioactive compounds for healthcare of domestic animals, phytoremediation, biomass production for bioenergy and for wild fire prevention. Plant secondary metabolites such as polyphenols exhibit a wide range of biological effects, many of which are associated with their free radical scavenging and antioxidant activity. We looked at available data on natural antioxidants derived from grassland plants for the identification of species to develop new natural products for phytotherapy and as feed additives to improve animal production. We also made a screening of available data about the phytoremediation potential of grassland species taking into account also eco-toxicological aspects related to the utilization of biomass harvested from contaminated sites. Furthermore, we discuss examples regarding the novel role of grasslands to supply bioenergy and bio-based products such as biofuels, biochemicals and biomaterials from bio-refinery. Energy generation from biomass of extensive, high-diversity grasslands has been claimed in areas of central Europe, whereas autochthonous Mediterranean perennial grasses are currently being investigated for bioenergy. In Europe, about 65,000 fires occur yearly, burning half a million hectares of vegetated areas. We analysed results of available experience of grazing and wood-pasture management as tools to reduce available fuel, and to protect species and landscape biodiversity.