Synthesis and energy applications of copper-based single-atom electrocatalysts

Considering the current energy scenario, it is of great importance to design and develop innovative, economically feasible electrocatalysts for the various energy applications. The high cost, and low availability of noble metal-based (Pd, Pt, Ru, etc.) electrocatalysts limit their widespread implementation of electrochemical reactions. Earth-abundant copper-based single-atom electrocatalysts (Cu-based SAEs) possess desired electronic, morphological, and physicochemical properties that have been extensively deployed for the energy applications. In the context of the progress of copper-based SAEs, herein we reviewed the notable advancement in fabrication and applications of Cu-based SAEs for the production of fuels, hydrocarbons, and ammonia. We also addressed the stability of developed electrocatalysts and active sites present in the structure of single-atom copper electrocatalysts. The challenges, and potential insights into the mechanism of action are also described including the ways to enhance the overall SAEs activities by tailoring the active site chemistry on the basis of computational studies and designing the advanced synthesis strategy.