Rearing conditions and welfare in Dicentrarchus labrax: a comparison between submerged and surface cages.

The aim of this study is to investigate growth, haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei, Moronidae) farmed in submersible and surface cages in order to compare physiological status under different rearing conditions. Results obtained suggest mariculture in submerged cages as a promising system that allows to minimize stress and that, hence, promotes fish welfare.