Innovative 3D-printed titanium specimens favor a balanced modulation if inflammation in DPSCs during liposome-tiggered mineralization.

Developing customized titanium specimens, with modifi ed and innovative surfaces, is a suitable strategy to overcome implant failure in regenerative dentistry. Additionally, a faster and more effi cient osteogenic com-mitment assists tissue regeneration. To investigate the interplay between inf lammation and differentiation upon implantation, Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) were cultured on 3D-printed titanium owning an inter-nal open cell form [1], administering osteogenic factors by a liposomal formulation (LipoMix) [2] compared to traditional delivery with diff erentiation medium (DM). Osteogenic diff erentiation, matrix mineralization, angi-ogenesis, cell adhesion and inf lammation responses were evaluated. Our results demonstrate that LipoMix enhances cell proliferation and adhesion, as revealed by in-creased integrin ?1 expression. Mineralized matrix deposition, SP7 gene expression, Collagen I release and Alkaline Phosphatase activity all appear signifi cantly increased in LipoMix condition. Additionally, the redox-sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 is overexpressed at the earliest experimental times, triggering the catalase activity. Data reported confi rm that internal topography and post-production treatments on titanium surfaces dynamically and positively condition the DPSC progress towards the osteogenic phenotype, moreover, the combi-nation with LipoMix fastens the positive modulation of infl ammation under osteogenic conditions. Th erefore, the development of customized surfaces with specifi c porosity and controlled features, along with the admin-istration of diff erentiating factors enclosed in a liposo-mal delivery system, could represent a promising and innovative tool in regenerative dentistry