Noninvasive Mechanical Ventilation Theory, Equipment, and Clinical Applications Second Edition - Noninvasive Ventilation in Cardiac Procedures: Key Technical and Practical Implications .

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is broadly used in patients with both chronic and acute respiratory failure, both inside and outside the intensive care unit (ICU). Moreover, NIV may be applied to allow safe sedation in several clinical contexts and increasingly is used to treat or even prevent postoperative pulmonary complications after major surgery. Today, NIV is also increasingly used during nonsurgical cardiac procedures in which there is an actual risk of respiratory distress or failure, such as percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) performed in patients with pulmonary edema secondary to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), as well as percutaneous valve procedures, which mostly involve high-risk patients who often need sedation. Finally, the use of NIV to aid less-invasive diagnostic cardiac procedures such as transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been reported. Although some concerns regarding the use of NIV in these procedures may exist, a team well trained in managing NIV often may carry them out safely, even in highly compromised patients. The following sections describe the use of NIV in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, during percutaneous cardiac valve procedures, to aid TEE examination, and during electrophysiological procedures, focusing on both technical and clinical aspects.