The impact of cloudiness and cloud type on the atmospheric heating rate of black and brown carbon in the Po Valley

We experimentally quantified the impact of cloud fraction and cloud type on the heating rate (HR) of black and brown carbon (HRBC and HRBrC). In particular, we examined in more detail the cloud effect on the HR detected in a previous study (Ferrero et al., 2018). High-time-resolution measurements of the aerosol absorption coefficient at multiple wavelengths were coupled with spectral measurements of the direct, diffuse and surface reflected irradiance and with lidar-ceilometer data during a field campaign in Milan, Po Valley (Italy). The experimental set-up allowed for a direct determination of the total HR (and its speciation: HRBC and HRBrC) in all-sky conditions (from clear-sky conditions to cloudy). The highest total HR values were found in the middle of winter (1.43 +/- 0.05 K d(-1)), and the lowest were in spring (0.54 +/- 0.02 K d(-1)). Overall, the HRBrC accounted for 13.7 +/- 0.2% of the total HR, with the BrC being characterized by an absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) of 3.49 +/- 0.01. To investigate the role of clouds, sky conditions were classified in terms of cloudiness (fraction of the sky covered by clouds: oktas) and cloud type (stratus, St; cumulus, Cu; stratocumulus, Sc; altostratus, As; altocumulus, Ac; cirrus, Ci; and cirrocumulus-cirrostratus, Cc-Cs). During the campaign, clear-sky conditions were present 23% of the time, with the remaining time (77 %) being characterized by cloudy conditions. The average cloudiness was 3.58 +/- 0.04 oktas (highest in February at 4.56 +/- 0.07 oktas and lowest in November at 2.91 +/- 0.06 oktas). St clouds were mostly responsible for overcast conditions (7-8 oktas, frequency of 87% and 96 %); Sc clouds dominated the intermediate cloudiness conditions (5-6 oktas, frequency of 47% and 66 %); and the transition from Cc-Cs to Sc determined moderate cloudiness (3-4 oktas); finally, low cloudiness (12 oktas) was mostly dominated by Ci and Cu (frequency of 59% and 40 %, respectively).