Role of temperature and nutrients on the growth and toxin production of Prorocentrum hoffmannianum (Dinophyceae) from the Florida Keys

The benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum hoffmannianum M.A. Faust is typical of tropical warm waters and produces biotoxins responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). In this study, the effect of temperature and nutrient limitation on growth and toxin production of P. hoffmannianum isolated from field samples collected in the Florida Keys was investigated. Batch culture experiments were ran at two temperatures (i.e. 21 ± 0.1 and 27 ± 0.1 °C) and under nitrogen-limited (14.7 ?mol L N-NO- and 18.1 ?mol L P-PO) and phosphorus-limited (441 ?mol L N-NO- and 0.6 ?mol L P-PO) levels with respect to control nutrient conditions (441 ?mol L N-NO-and 18.1 ?mol L P-PO). Both temperature and nutrient conditions significantly affected growth rates and maximum yield of P. hoffmannianum with the maximum values being recorded at the higher temperature and in the replete medium. Production of okadaic acid was induced under all conditions (from 13.5 to 859.8 pg cell), with values up to one order of magnitude higher than those observed in other DSP toxin producing species. Toxin production was enhanced under P limitation at 27 °C, corroborating the theory that toxin production is modulated by cell physiological conditions, which are in turn affected by a wide spectrum of factors, including environmental stressors such as nutrient availability. Toxin fraction released in the growth medium was negligible. No okadaic acid esters were detected in this strain of P. hoffmannianum.