Dual Functionalities of Few-Layered Boron Nitrides in the Design and Implementation of Ca(OH) 2 Nanomaterials toward an Efficient Wall Painting Fireproofing and Consolidation

Preserving ancient wall paintings from damage has become a challenge over the years. Nanosized calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) ) has been identified as a promising material to preserve wall paintings. However, the synthesis of nanosized Ca(OH) is extremely difficult. Here, we demonstrate a breakthrough in wall painting protection enabled by boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs) through strategic synthesis Ca(OH) -BNNS nanohybrids using an aqueous method. The BNNS have two significant functionalities in the design and implementation of the Ca(OH) nanomaterials. First, the introduction of BNNS results in the successful synthesis of uniform and nanosized Ca(OH) (~80 nm) in the nanohybrids, which can be attributed to the supersaturation-induced "etching-stripping" mechanism. More interestingly and importantly, a unique gradient penetration structure is strategically formed when applying Ca(OH) -BNNS hybrids on the wall paintings, i.e., the BNNS-rich layer will be at the surface of wall painting, whereas Ca(OH) nanomaterials prefer to penetrate deep in to the wall paintings. This gradient structure will allow the BNNS-rich layer to protect the wall paintings from fire, which is the first report to date among the protection materials for wall paintings; at the same time, nanosized Ca(OH) shows superior wall painting consolidation strength compared to commercial Ca(OH) material. These results endow new applications of the newly emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials for protecting cultural heritage.