Thymosin alpha 1 mitigates cytokine storm in blood cells from Coronavirus disease 2019 patients.

Background. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is characterized by immune-mediated lung injury and complex alterations of the immune system, such as lymphopenia and cytokine storm, that have been associated with adverse outcomes underlining a fundamental role of host response in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and the pathogenesis of the disease. Thymosin alpha 1 (T?1) is one of the molecules used in the management of COVID-19, because it is known to restore the homeostasis of the immune system during infections and cancer. Methods. In this study, we captured the interconnected biological processes regulated by T?1 in CD8+ T cells under inflammatory conditions. Results. Genes associated with cytokine signaling and production were upregulated in blood cells from patients with COVID-19, and the ex vivo treatment with T?1-mitigated cytokine expression, and inhibited lymphocyte activation in a CD8+ T-cell subset specifically. Conclusion. These data suggest the potential role of T?1 in modulating the immune response homeostasis and the cytokine storm in vivo.