Vitamin D3 in fish oil extracted with limonene from anchovy leftovers

Aiming to identify and assess the amount of fat-soluble vitamins in anchovy oil extracted with d-limonene from anchovy fillet leftovers via the UHPLC-HESI-MS advanced mass spectrometry analytical technique, this study shows that only vitamin D is present in anchovy by-product oil. The sum of the quantities of the three isomers of vitamin D amounts to 0.0815 ?g vitamin D per g oil, namely a 81.5 ?g/kg content, in good agreement with the typical amounts of vitamin D in fish oils (ranging from 18 to 350 ?g/kg).