Influenza delle fluttuazioni climatiche sui grandi laghi a sud delle Alpi: implicazioni nel contesto del riscaldamento globale

Influence of climatic fluctuations on the large lakes south of the AIps: implications in the context of global warming Synoptic analyses carried out in the largest lakes south of the Alps demonstrated a tight coupling between deep mixing dynamics and winter climatic fluctuations strictly controlled by atmospheric modes of variability relevant for the Mediterranean region, namely the Atlantic pattern and the Eastern Mediterranean Pattern. In winter, the EA and EMP modes are associated with an intense north easterly airflow bringing cold air from continental Europe over the Mediterranean basin. In turn, harsh winters had a strong impact on the lake water temperatures, deep lake circulation episodes, higher replenishment of epilimnetic phosphorus and hypolimnetic oxygen at spring overturn. Fertilisation was greatly enhanced in the meromictic and more eutrophic lakes. The effects of such a linked chain of events on phytoplankton were studied in Lake Garda where harsh winters and higher P-replenishment had a positive impact on the development of diatoms in spring and cyanobacteria in summer and autumn. Timing of Daphnia population density peak in lakes Garda, Maggiore and Iseo was directly correlated with water temperatures, while the level of peak density was mediated by the extent of spring mixing and food availability. It was hypothesized that an increase in the winter temperatures could cause a decrease in the occurrence of complete overturn episodes. In the short period, this should improve water quality, decreasing the replenishment of phosphorus and - as demonstrated in Lake Garda- the development of cyanobacteria. On the long-term, the lake warming could increase the risk of triggering meromictic conditions.