Urban Bioclimate and Micro Climate: How to Construct Cities in the Era of Climate Change.

The chapter describes a workflow to analyse urban microclimate and human thermal comfort. For the quantification of thermal bioclimate, assessment methods based on the human energy balance are the most promising. They build the basis of thermal indices (e.g. Physiologically Equivalent Temperature). The most influencing parameters of human thermal comfort, especially during summer conditions, are radiation fluxes (short and long wave) and wind speed. Some data and information can be obtained from measurements or can be simulated by micro scale models. The models can calculate urban climate conditions and visualize relevant information. They are based on morphological (Sky View Factor, orientation, height to width ratio) and surface parameters (Albedo) of the urban environment and have to be known. The results can be used for the development of mitigation and adaptation strategies and for the development of urban areas and cities with less extreme conditions.