Special Electromagnetic Agents: From Cold Plasma to Pulsed Electromagnetic Radiation

Chapter 3 includes discussions about unique electromagnetic agents ranging from cold plasma to electromagnetic radiation. Nonequilibrium plasmas in gases and liquids are known to produce reactive agents that contribute to biological effects including membrane disruption and apoptosis. These reactive agents include ultraviolet radiation, heat, reactive oxygen-based and nitrogen-based species, charged particles, and electric fields. The interactions between pulsed electromagnetic fields and biological systems are included.