Management options for non-native forest pests along their invasion pathway

Not a single year goes by without European forests being invaded by new alien species of insect herbivore or pathogenic fungi. This ever-increasing flow of alien pests (Santini et al. 2013; Roques et al. 2020) is clearly linked to the increase in international trade, in particular to containers containing wood packaging material such as wooden crates, dunnage, pallets, or potted plants where wood- or plant-living insects and pathogens can hide (Meurisse et al. 2019). In 2021, about 60 million containers arrived in European ports (Eurostat 2022), more than 150,000 every day