Folding mechanisms steer the amyloid fibril formation propensity of highly homologous proteins

Significant advances in the understanding of themolecular determinants of fibrillogenesis can be expected from comparative studies of the aggregation propensities of proteins with highly homologous structures but different folding pathways. Here, we fully characterize, bymeans of stopped-flow, T-jump, CD and DSC experiments, the unfolding mechanisms of three highly homologous proteins, zinc binding Ros87 and Ml1(53-149) and zinc-lacking Ml4(52-151). The results indicate that the three proteins significantly differ in terms of stability and (un) folding mechanisms. Particularly, Ros87 and Ml1(53-149) appear to be much more stable to guanidine denaturation and are characterized by folding mechanisms including the presence of an intermediate. On the other hand, metal lacking Ml4(52-151) folds according to a classic two-state model. Successively, we have monitored the capabilities of Ros87, Ml4(52-151) and Ml1(53-149) to form amyloid fibrils under native conditions. Particularly, we show, by CD, fluorescence, DLS, TEM and SEM experiments, that after 168 hours, amyloid formation of Ros87 has started, while Ml1(53-149) has formed only amorphous aggregates and Ml4(52-151) is still monomeric in solution. This study shows how metal binding can influence protein folding pathways and thereby control conformational accessibility to aggregation-prone states, which in turn changes aggregation kinetics, shedding light on the role of metal ions in the development of protein deposition diseases.