Effective Antiviral Application of Antisense in Plants by every comment or highlight marker, add 'I con- Exploiting Accessible Sites in the Target RNA

Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ASOs) have long been used to selectively inhibit or modulate gene expression at the RNA level, and some ASOs are approved for clinical use. However, the practicability of antisense technologies remains limited by the difficulty of reliably predicting the sites accessible to ASOs in complex folded RNAs. Recently, we applied a plant-based method that reproduces RNA-induced RNA silencing in vitro to reliably identify sites in target RNAs that are accessible to small interfering RNA (siRNA)-guided Argonaute endonucleases. Here, we show that this method is also suitable for identifying ASOs that are effective in DNA-induced RNA si- lencing by RNases H. We show that ASOs identified in this way that target a viral genome are com- parably effective in protecting plants from infection as siRNAs with the corresponding sequence. The antiviral activity of the ASOs could be further enhanced by chemical modification. This led to two important conclusions: siRNAs and ASOs that can effectively knock down complex RNA mol- ecules can be identified using the same approach, and ASOs optimized in this way could find ap- plication in crop protection. The technology developed here could be useful not only for effective RNA silencing in plants but also in other organisms.