Sea-Ice Interactions with Polar Fish - Focus on the Antarctic Silverfish Life History.

The sea ice, extending seasonally over a vast area of the circumpolar Oceans, is a component of the polar cryosphere, playing major roles in earth global systems. At seasonal scale, it is a dynamic biogeochemical system that deeply influences marine ecosystems; at geological scale, changes in sea ice cover influence rates of climate change with impact on marine ecosystems. The sea-ice science spans from physical science, e.g. geophysics, oceanography, glaciology, geology and chemistry, to life science. Here we will focus on the relation between polar sea ice and fishes. The possibility to sample those species living close to land-based sea ice is mostly seasonal, due to the limits in field activities all year round, even from winter-over open scientific stations. The fragmented sampling makes it even more difficult to draw the life cycle of a species, as well as to un-derstand the nature of the its relationship with sea ice during the seasons and at different ontogenetic stages. In this review, we first provide background information on the features of polar sea-ice formation and basic aspects concerning sea ice and polar fish. In the sec-ond part, we focus on P. antarcticum by integrating biological and ecological in-formation from recent advancements.