Antioxidant Effects of a Hydroxytyrosol-Based Pharmaceutical Formulation on Body Composition, Metabolic State, and Gene Expression: A Randomized Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) protection, and its metabolites are able to protect from the endothelial dysfunction commonly present in atherosclerosis. This randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial determined the effect in healthy volunteers of two gastroresistant capsules containing 15 mg/day of HT, for a 3-week period (HTT). Evaluation of nutritional status, serum metabolites, oxidative stress biomarkers, and gene expression of 9 genes related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and CVDs was performed. Oxidation biomarkers like thiol group (p = 0 001), total antioxidant status (TAS) (p = 0 001), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) (2-(Delta Delta Ct) = 3.7), and plasma concentration of HT (2.83 mu g.mL(-1)) were significantly increased, while nitrite (p = 0 001), nitrate (p = 0 001), and malondialdehyde (MDA) (p = 0 02) were drastically reduced after HTT. A significant reduction of body fat mass percentage (p = 0 01), suprailiac skinfold (p = 0 01), and weight (p = 0 04;Delta%=-0.46%) was observed after HTT. This study shows that regular intake of 15 mg/day of HT changed body composition parameters and modulated the antioxidant profile and the expression of inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes. However, it is advisable to personalize HT doses in order to exert its health benefits in CVD prevention and protection of LDL-C particles from oxidative damage.