Contribution of soil respiration in tropical, temperate, and boreal forests to the 18O enrichment of atmospheric O2

The O-18 content of atmospheric O-2 is an important tracer for past changes in the biosphere. Its quantitative use depends on knowledge of the discrimination against O-18 associated with the various O-2 consumption processes. Here we evaluated, for the first time, the in situ O-18 discrimination associated with soil respiration in natural ecosystems. The discrimination was estimated from the measured [O-2] and delta(18)O of O-2 in the soil-air. The discriminations that were found are 10.1 +/- 1.5parts per thousand, 17.8 +/- 1.0parts per thousand, and 22.5 +/- 3.6parts per thousand, for tropical, temperate, and boreal forests, respectively, 17.9 +/- 2.5parts per thousand for Mediterranean woodland, and 15.4 +/- 1.6parts per thousand for tropical shrub land. Current understanding of the isotopic composition of atmospheric O-2 is based on the assumption that the magnitude of the fractionation in soil respiration is identical to that of dark respiration through the cytochrome pathway alone (similar to18parts per thousand). The discrimination we found in the tropical sites is significantly lower, and is explained by slow diffusion in soil aggregates and root tissues that limits the O-2 concentration in the consumption sites. The high discrimination in the boreal sites may be the result of high engagement of the alternative oxidase pathway (AOX), which has high discrimination associated with it (similar to27parts per thousand). The intermediate discrimination (similar to18parts per thousand) in the temperate and Mediterranean sites can be explained by the opposing effects of AOX and diffusion limitation that cancel out. Since soil respiration is a major component of the global oxygen uptake, the contribution of large variations in the discrimination, observed here, to the global Dole Effect should be considered in global scale studies.