A scoping review of in vitro studies on radiofrequencyelectromagnetic fields effects on apoptosis

We performed a scoping review of in vitro studies investigating the effects of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) on apoptosis. We defined inclusion criteria based on quality requirements (sham, three independent experiments, dosimetry analysis and temperature monitoring), and set up queries for systematic literature search in PubMed and Web of Science. We included 42 studies, extracted and pooled data regarding exposure (frequency, exposure level and duration) and biological parameters (cell type, endpoint), and highlighted some qualitative trends with respect to the detection of significant effect of RF-EMF on apoptosis. Our analysis highlighted that the quality of experimental methodology still needs to be highly improved.