Non-destructive characterization of compositional and textural properties of Etruscan bronzes: a multi-method approach

A combination of conventional analytical techniques, such asX-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy-electron probe microanalysis (SEM-EPMA), with novel applications of neutron scattering were employed for a non-destructive study of 6th century BC Etruscan bronze plates discovered almost two centuries ago in a princely chamber tomb in Umbria, Italy. The pieces were used to richly decorate a ceremonial carriage, two war chariots and some furniture. Analytical investigations have been carried out to provide the essential information to correctly assign several fragments in order to recompose the original plates. Analytical responses from XRF and SEM-EPMA, although indicative, were strongly affected by surface alteration and contamination. Rietveld analysis of neutron diffraction profiles emerged for its powerful capability to provide extensive non-destructive, high sensitivity information on bulk alloy composition and phase quantification allowing meaningful comparison among the pieces for the reconstruction of the original plates. In addition, strain and texture analyses demonstrated the capability of the technique to achieve a non-invasive characterization of manufacturing procedures.