Regulation of EGFR signaling by endocytosis in normal and malignant cells

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase whose physiological signaling activity regulates the morphogenesis and homeostasis of several tissues from worms to man. In contrast, aberrant signaling caused by over-expression or mutational activation of the EGFR plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of a number of human tumors. The fidelity of EGFR signals, which must be robust enough to convey instructive cues to the cell while also preventing the threat posed by excess receptor activity, is guaranteed by a complex regulatory circuitry. A pervasive role in EGFR regulation is played by endocytosis. Owing to its capacity to instruct degradation of activated EGFRs and reduce receptor expression at the cell surface, endocytosis has been regarded historically as the main cellular mechanism deputed to the attenuation of EGFR signaling. More recently, a great deal of attention has been focused on understanding endocytosis also as an element of spatial regulation of EGFR activity. Herein, we discuss molecular mechanisms controlling EGFR endocytosis, as they relate to the regulation of EGFR signal output and the implementation of EGFR-driven biological programs. We will then focus on reviewing the variegated mechanisms through which the EGFR escapes from down-regulation in cancer cells. The emerging picture assigns to faulty endocytosis, in concert with constitutive catalytic activation, a prominent role in the ominous oncogenic conversion of EGFR