Validating GEDI tree canopy cover product across forest types using co-registered aerial LiDAR data

Reliable tree canopy cover (TCC) products are vital for national forest inventory, land process modeling and forest dynamic monitoring. The new generation of space-based laser altimeter, GEDI, offers a three-dimensional (3D) insight on the forest structure, shaping the paradigm of structural variable estimation. However, the generality of newly released GEDI level-2 TCC product version 2 was less investigated across various forest types. Additionally, satellite-derived product validation usually suffers from the geolocation mismatch between satellite and reference data. In this study, we comprehensively validated the GEDI TCC product across seven forest types using the reference TCC derived from several public and private aerial LiDAR datasets after geographical registration, and crossly compared with a commonly-used passive satellite product (i.e., GFCC TCC). As the reference aerial TCC maps were derived using various aerial LiDAR instruments, we investigated the consistency of TCC estimation among them using simulation datasets and found that the distributions of TCC relative bias (biasR, %) were almost identical and the differences of relative RMSE (rRMSE, %) was less than 0.2%. Through the registration process, we found that the geolocation offsets of GEDI footprints tended to be independent of azimuth directions and their average was about 10 m, verifying the necessity of registration during the validation process. Importantly, the post-registration validation of GEDI TCC showed an average RMSE of 0.10 and an average R2 of 0.85 for all forest types, resulting in a decrease of RMSE of up to 0.15 and an increase of R2 of up to 0.33 compared to the pre-registration validation. The inter-comparison also exhibited improved consistency between GEDI and GFCC TCC products after registration. Further, we found a non-negligible dependence of GEDI TCC on the slope factor but almost independence on forest type, encouraging the spread of GEDI TCC product.