Microwave Heating for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage Assets: A Review of Main Approaches and Challenges

Objectives: The cultural heritage (CH) represents the proof of human achievements from the past in terms of historical and technological progress. One of the main issues regarding CH preservation is the bio-deterioration phenomenon which arises from biological colonization of artistic materials with consequent aesthetic, chemical and structural damage. The most common disinfestation methods are based on mechanical, chemical, biological or physical treatments. Among the physical methods, microwave heating has high potentialities, but its application is not a standard. Here we reviewed relevant literature on the use of microwave heating for the disinfestation of artworks from biodeteriogens. Method: We performed a systematic literature search, identified twenty relevant publications, and extracted relevant information. Results: Microwave heating resulted effective for total disinfestation of various infesting agents on several materials, rapid, safe for operators and the environment. However, we highlighted the lack of a systematic approach to the planning of artworks treatment with microwave heating and developed operative guidelines that include dielectric characterization of materials, prediction and control of electric field distribution in the artwork, identification of lethal doses for infesting agents. Impact: The proposed approach might contribute to boost the use of this promising, non-invasive, and safe technology for artworks conservation.