Contribution of water geochemistry and isotopes (delta18O, delta2 H, 3 H, 87Sr/86Sr and delta11B) to the study of groundwater fow properties and underlying bedrock structures of a deep landslide

A comprehensive understanding of bedrock lithology and groundwater circulation is necessary to identify areas prone to landslide initiation and reactivation. This necessity is particularly required in the case of outcroppings of weak rocks such as gypsum that, due to their high solubility and low mechanical strength, can promote slope deformation with the development of caves and collapses. In the Upper Secchia River Valley, where gypsum outcrops extensively and is covered by landslide deposits, an accurate identifcation of the gypsum outcrops and their distribution is needed to reduce the damage to urbanized slopes. In this paper, a hydrologic and geochemical approach is used in the Montecagno landslide to identify the origin, fow paths and transit time of groundwater circulating inside the landslide body and to identify gypsum deposits and their distribution in the bedrock. The results of groundwater-level monitoring, delta18O-delta2 H and 3 H isotope analyses and FLOWPC modelling suggest a local and recent origin of the groundwater hosted in shallow fow paths inside the landslide. Chemical and isotope (87Sr/86Sr, delta11B) analyses offer evidence of the presence inside the landslide of small blocks of gypsum that, due to their dimensions, probably have a minor influence on landslide stability. This research demonstrates that the methodology used can provide satisfactory information about bedrock structures and their hydrological aspects.