Glycoclusters presenting lactose on calix[4]arene cores display trypanocidal activity.

A new series of water-soluble tetravalent glycoclusters incorporating ?-lactosyl residues attached to a central calix[4]arene core was synthesised using azide-alkyne Cu(I)-catalysed cycloaddition ("click chemistry"). Carbohydrate moieties were attached either to upper or lower rim of rigid cone-shaped or partial cone macrocycles via 14-21 atom spacer arms. The glycoclusters with a C4-symmetrical arrangement of ?-lactosyl residues showed trypanocidal activity, with one of them showing comparable activity to established anti-trypanosomal drug benznidazole in in vitro anti-parasite assays.