Location quotient as a local index of residential segregation. Theoretical and applied aspects

The location quotient (LQ), a ratio of ratios, is a widely known geographic index (Isard,
1960). It is used to measure and map relative distributions or relative concentrations of a
character in a sub-area compared to the area as a whole (Wheeler, 2005). It has been recently
proposed as a local index in the study of residential segregation of foreign population
(Apparicio et al., 2008; Benassi et al., 2016). The LQs are particularly useful when applied
to a metropolitan area where they allow to identify the spatial units in which a population
group is under-represented (LQ<11) or conversely, over-represented (LQ>1). Despite their
apparent simplicity, the location quotients present some slippery features this contribution
tries to reflect on. This paper examines some different ways to compute the LQs and their
results, by using data on residents by citizenship in the metropolitan area of Milan. We
groups. Finally, we propose an alternative measure, the Locational Differential Index, to take
account of density, conveying the spatial component, absent in location quotients.