Intra-subject and inter-subject movement variability quantified with muscle synergies in upper-limb reaching movements

Quantifying movement variability is a crucial aspect for clinical and laboratory investi-gations in several contexts. However, very few studies have assessed, in detail, the intra-subject variability across movements and the inter-subject variability. Muscle synergies are a valuable method that can be used to assess such variability. In this study, we assess, in detail, intra-subject and inter-subject variability in a scenario based on a comprehensive dataset, including multiple repetitions of multi-directional reaching movements. The results show that muscle synergies are a valuable tool for quantifying variability at the muscle level and reveal that intra-subject variability is lower than inter-subject variability in synergy modules and related temporal coefficients, and both intra-subject and inter-subject similarity are higher than random synergy matching, confirming shared underlying control structures. The study deepens the available knowledge on muscle synergy-based motor function assessment and rehabilitation applications, discussing their applicability to real scenarios.