Life at elevated CO2 modifies the cell composition of Chromera velia (Chromerida)

We investigated the response to high CO2 of Chromera velia, a photosynthetic relative of apicomplexan parasites that is possibly involved in symbiotic associations with scleractinian corals. The inorganic C content in the proximity of the symbiotic algal cells within the tissues of scleractinians is disputed. According to some authors, it is very high. A higher C content in the endodermal tissues of scleractinians than in the external environment may have favoured the constitution of symbiosis with organisms such as Symbiodinium and Chromera that have a type II Rubisco, which is intrinsically ill suited to low CO2 environments. We thus cultured C. velia at the very high inorganic C estimated by some authors and assessed its growth and photosynthetic performance. We also evaluated whether these conditions affected C allocation and elemental stoichiometry in C. velia cells by state-of-the-art Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in combination with more traditional biochemical and physiological techniques. Our results demonstrated that C. velia was capable of coping with very high CO2, which even stimulated biomass production and increased N, P, Mn, Fe and Zn use efficiency. Growth at elevated CO2 changed the stoichiometric relationships among elements in C. velia cells, but had no effect on the relative abundance of the main organic pools. The high CO2 in the animal tissue surrounding the photosynthetic cells may therefore facilitate C. velia life in symbiosis.