Placental Growth Factor Regulates Cardiac Inflammation Through the Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-3/Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha-Converting Enzyme Axis Crucial Role for Adaptive Cardiac Remodeling During Cardiac Pressure Overload

Background-Heart failure is one of the leading causes of mortality and is primarily the final stage of several overload cardiomyopathies, preceded by an early adaptive hypertrophic response and characterized by coordinated cardiomyocyte growth, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Therefore, growth factors and cytokines have to be critically regulated during cardiac response to transverse aortic constriction. Interestingly, the dual properties of placental growth factor as an angiogenic factor and cytokine make it a candidate to participate in cardiac remodeling in response to hemodynamic overload.