A Multiscale, Multiphysics Approach to Vertical-cavity Surface-emitting Laser Simulation

The lasing operation of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) results from the interaction of diverse physical mechanisms. For this reason, a reliable model must solve the coupled carrier transport, thermal and optical problems. With the aim of removing the present lack of established simulation tools, in this work we present our in-house electro-opto-thermal VCSEL numerical simulator VENUS. After a description of its four constituents, a validation with experimental results obtained at different temperatures is presented, demonstrating the predictive capabilities of VENUS.