Use of NMR applications to tackle future food fraud issues

Background: NMR targeted and untargeted methodologies are widely recognized as important tools for food authentication and the detection of counterfeit products. Targeted approaches allow the identi cation of speci c markers of identity/adulteration for a given foodstu . In the untargeted approach, the chemical pro le of the whole foodstu is used to create a unique ngerprint as a reference for suspect samples. The untargeted analysis methodology typically follows the metabolomics approach. Scope and approach: In this manuscript we discuss how both targeted and untargeted NMR methodologies are applied in routine use for food fraud monitoring. The cost-e ective approaches for routine application are discussed using examples of Food ScreenerTM and benchtop low- eld instruments. Key findings and conclusions: Several examples of routine consolidated NMR targeted and untargeted applications are reported and the food matrices that are problematic for the NMR application are discussed. The future NMR implementation into routine practice will rely on the further exploration of FoodScreenerTM like platforms for simultaneous targeted and untargeted applications and the continued development of applications for low- eld benchtop instrumentation.