Does wild boar rooting affect spatial distribution of active burrows of meadow-dwelling voles?

Soil overturn by wild boar Sus scrofa is known to affect biodiversity, from plant communities to invertebrates, reptiles and small mammals. Rooting activity has been shown to be particularly intensive in open areas and particularly on fallows and meadows located on hill or mountain tops. In these habitat types, the impact of wild boar on small mammal assemblies has never been assessed. In this work, we evaluated whether rooting activity affected the spatial distribution of the Savi's pine vole Microtus savii in a hilly area of Central Italy, throughout four seasons. The spatial distribution of this vole has been determined through the open-hole index, i.e. by assessing the vole propensity to reopen tunnel entrances which we previously closed with soil. Rooting intensity was the highest in cold months, i.e. when drive hunting may increase wild boar occurrence within protected areas and outside wooded areas. According to our GLMM, reopening of vole burrow entrances increased with increasing distances from rooted areas and with increasing geophytic diversity. Meadow-dwelling voles living on shallow underground burrow systems seem to avoid soil overturn by wild boar and that they prefer creating their tunnels where plant diversity building up the staple of their diet is the highest. Our results furtherly emphasized the importance of wild boar monitoring also in open areas and hill grasslands, particularly when rooting intensity is the highest, i.e. in cold months.