Carbon dioxide hydrogenation on Ni(110)

We demonstrate that the key step for the reaction of CO2 with hydrogen on Ni(110) is a change of the activated molecule coordination to the metal surface. At 90 K, CO2 is negatively charged and chemically bonded via the carbon atom. When the temperature is increased and H approaches, the H-CO2 complex flips and binds to the surface through the two oxygen atoms, while H binds to the carbon atom, thus yielding formate. We provide the atomic-level description of this process by means of conventional ultrahigh vacuum surface science techniques combined with density functional theory calculations and corroborated by high pressure reactivity tests. Knowledge about the details of the mechanisms involved in this reaction can yield a deeper comprehension of heterogeneous catalytic organic synthesis processes involving carbon dioxide as a reactant. We show why on Ni the CO2 hydrogenation barrier is remarkably smaller than that on the common Cu metal-based catalyst. Our results provide a possible interpretation of the observed high catalytic activity of NiCu alloys.