Hydrographic phenomena influencing early life stages of the Sicilian Channel anchovy.

The information collected from a European Union funded project on the `Distribution Biology and Biomass Estimates of the Sicilian Channel Anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus)' was used to analyse the linkage between the general circulation pattern of the Atlantic Ionian Stream (AIS) and the reproductive strategy of the Sicilian Channel anchovy. The main spawning ground is located in the NW region of the southern Sicilian coast. This region is a stable area of low current produced by the impingement towards the coast of the AIS and its bifurcation into two branches. The main branch heads towards the SE end of the Sicilian coast (Cape Passero) acting as a transport mechanism for the anchovy eggs and larvae. Along the AIS trajectory, there is a density front to the left of the current, facing downstream. This front is a consequence of the shoreward sloping of isopycnals that maintains the geostrophic ¯ow, facilitating the mixing of deeper waters with surface layers and fertilization of coastal waters. The front enhances primary production assuring food availability for anchovy larvae during their advection by the AIS. The highest concentrations of larval anchovy were found off the SE Sicilian coast, in the area off Cape Passero. The greater average sizes of larvae found in this region, and their estimated age, support the evidence of advection by the AIS. The hydrographic features observed in this area, such as the existence of a well-defined cyclonic vortex, implies the existence of upwelling in its centre, providing a suitable environment for sustained enhanced rates of primary production and allowing the larval population to maintain their relative position. This retention area is conceived as favourable for providing the necessary feeding conditions. The data acquired from a survey carried out to evaluate the anchovy recruitment strength confirm that larvae reach the juvenile stage in the south-eastern coast of Sicily, since most of the young-of-the-year anchovy were located in the Cape Passero region.