End-of-waste materials and by-products suitable for ceramic tile industry.

Nowadays, the most recent technological innovations of the ceramic production should allow an higher capacity of waste recycling, fostering the objective of circular economy. In this frame, aim of the presentation is to propose a technological classification of wastes suitable to be used in the ceramic industry. In particular, both by-products coming from ceramic process and other wastes generated from other activities are considered. For each of these materials an evaluation of their availability, role in the ceramic mix (plasticizer, tempering, fluxing) and treatments needed is discussed basing on literature data and new experimental works. The recovery of wastes in the ceramic tile production is aimed to resource efficiency (lower natural resources consumption).