Potential of brackish water and brine for energy generation by salinity gradient power-reverse electrodialysis (SGP-RE)

In the present work, a salinity gradient power-reverse electrodialysis (SGP-RE) unit was tested for the production of electrical energy by exploiting the chemical potential of real brackish water and exhaust brine from a solar pond. A cross-flow SGP-RE module (REDstack B.V.), equipped with AEM-80045 and CEM-80050 membranes specifically developed by Fujifilm Manufacturing Europe B.V. within the EU-funded project REAPOWER ("Reverse Electrodialysis Alternative Power Production"), was able to generate a maximum power density (expressed in W m(-2) membrane pair - MP) of 3.04 W m(-2) MP when operated with pure NaCl aqueous solutions (0.1 M in low concentration compartment - LCC, 5 M in high concentration compartment - HCC) at 20 degrees C and at a recirculation rate of 20 L h (1). However, a drastic reduction to 1.13 W m(-2) (-63%) was observed when feeding the SGP-RE unit with artificial multi-ion solutions mimicking real brackish water and exhaust brine. Further experimental activity allowed to identify Mg2+ ion as responsible for the significant increase in stack resistance and consequent depletion in SGP-RE performance. Therefore, specific softening treatments of the real solutions should be considered in order to maintain the process efficiency at practical level.