Hierarchically assembled ZnO nanocrystallites for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells

Spray pyrolysis is effective in the formation of a nanoengineered photoanode. An unprecedented photoconversion efficiency of 7.5-% for ZnO-based dye-sensitized cells was achieved on a photoelectrode consisting of polydispersed ZnO aggregates of nanocrystallites over a compact ZnO buffer layer at a firing temperature of 450°C. FTO= fluorine-doped tin oxide. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.