Devolopment of human activities in the underground space and groundwater protection

The utilization of the underground space for carrying out human activities goes far back into antiquity. A review of underground space major uses over time is given and pros and cons relating to the huge increase in tunnelling are listed. The impact on groundwater resources is estimated. And significant variations in the aquifer regulation and storage capacity volume, hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity, water flow and energy velocity are discussed.