A photoacoustic pulse-echo probe for monitoring surface stone mechanical properties: Validation tests in consolidation of Carrara marble

The present work focuses on the development and validation of a laser-based photoacoustic sensor for nondestructivemonitoring of surface stonemechanical properties. The sensor is constituted of a carbonblack target excited by fiber-coupled Q-Switched Nd:YAG(1064 nm) laser with variable pulse duration between 10 and 50 ns, a superimposed PVDF film transducer, and gel coupler. The high optical absorption of the target and its relatively large lateral size allowed generating planar longitudinal pressure transients of amplitude around 1 MPa using a laser pulse fluence of about 8 mJ/cm2. The probe provided an almost flat spectral response over a bandwidth of 7.5-30 MHz. Thanks to the high pulse-to-pulse laser emission stability, the pressure transientswere highly reproducible inamplitude andwaveform. These features and the FFT analysis of the back reflected signal were exploited to characterize the surface mechanical properties of decayed Carrara marble upon consolidation. Treatment tests were carried out using three commercial products: acrylic-siloxane polymer, a fluoroelastomer-acrylic polymer, and ethyl-silicate. The acoustic reflection and then surface sound speed spectra were measured and analyzed for the first time within a spectral window of 1-30 MHz. Surface speed spectra and dephasing derived from reflectance measurements resulted to be essential parameters for characterizing andmonitoring stone consolidation. The results achieved provide evidence that the technique proposed offers significant advantages with respect to traditional approaches and can represent an effective tool in conservation-restoration of stone artifacts, wall paintings, and other.