Plant isoquinoline alkaloids as potential neurodrugs: A comparative study of the effects of benzo[c]phenanthridine and berberine-based compounds on ?-amyloid aggregation

Herein we present a comparative study of the effects of isoquinoline alkaloids belonging to benzo[c]phenanthridine and berberine families on ?-amyloid aggregation. Results obtained using a Thioflavine T (ThT) fluorescence assay and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy suggested that the benzo[c]phenanthridine nucleus, present in both sanguinarine and chelerythrine molecules, was directly involved in an inhibitory effect of A? aggregation. Conversely, coralyne, that contains the isomeric berberine nucleus, significantly increased propensity for A? to aggregate. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) experiments provided quantitative estimation of these interactions: coralyne bound to A? with an affinity (K = 11.6 ?M) higher than benzo[c]phenanthridines. Molecular docking studies confirmed that all three compounds are able to recognize A? in different aggregation forms suggesting their effective capacity to modulate the A? self-recognition mechanism. Molecular dynamics simulations indicated that coralyne increased the ?-content of A?, in early stages of aggregation, consistent with fluorescence-based promotion of the A? self-recognition mechanism by this alkaloid. At the same time, sanguinarine induced A? helical conformation corroborating its ability to delay aggregation as experimentally proved in vitro. The investigated compounds were shown to interfere with aggregation of A? demonstrating their potential as starting leads for the development of therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.