Multiple scattering and lidar returns

Experimental evidence of multiple-scattering effects on lidar returns from clouds, as well as the calculated significance of second and higher orders of scattering, as can be found in the literature, are summarized, together with results of intercomparisons of theoretical and experimental results obtained by different researchers. New comparisons between analytic results and Monte Carlo data are reported, indicating the level of accuracy of predictions relevant to multiple scattering and lidar.