Space-time monitoring of coastal pollution in the Gulf of Gaeta, Italy, using ?15N values of Ulva lactuca, landscape hydromorphology, and Bayesian Kriging modelling

We investigated the space-time dynamics of N pollution in a Mediterranean gulf (Gulf of Gaeta) by means of ?N variation in seaweed fronds (Ulva lactuca) previously collected from an unpolluted habitat. We used a comprehensive deployment grid that enabled the generation of isotopic seascapes (isoseascapes) describing the topography of N pollution in coastal waters and identifying N input hotspots and their pathways of dispersion at sea. The ?N values of U. lactuca increased during 48 h of exposure to the gulf waters, indicating anthropogenic N inputs from wastewater-derived sources. Comparison of the isoseascapes between two years differing in terms of rainfall identified coastal and offshore areas that were vulnerable to freshwater-transported nutrients, consistent with terrestrial hydromorphology and sea surface-water circulation. Isoseacapes were robust enough to reduce deployment effort, representing a powerful tool for monitoring and management strategies and useful for Environmental Protection Agencies, the main target audience of applied ecological research.