Circulating MicroRNA (miRNA)s as Biological Markers and Links with Obesity and Obesity-Related Morbid Conditions

In late years, a substantial advance has been made in the study of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis of diseases. New evidence shows that dysregulation of miRNAs represents an etiologic factor of a variety of disorders, including cancer. Besides, miRNAs have also emerged as fundamental regulators of metabolic processes taking part in maintaining energy balance and metabolic homeostasis. Dysregulation of miRNAs, by directly affecting the status and functions of adipose tissue, pancreas, liver, and muscle, contributes to metabolic abnormalities being fully implicated in body fat accumulation, obesity, and obesity-related diseases. The discovery of circulating miRNAs has highlighted their potential as endocrine signalling molecules and disease indicators. Nevertheless, the study of the involvement of miRNAs in metabolic dysfunctions is still a young field of research and information on their role is nearly limited to date. As well, the contemporary rising in childhood obesity rates creates a need for tools that quantify metabolic changes in obese children and adolescents for the early detection or prevention of comorbidities. This chapter aims to provide current insights into the role of miRNAs as biological markers focusing on their link to obesity and obesity-related morbid conditions.