Vanadium: A Transition Metal for Sustainable Energy Storing in Redox Flow Batteries

The present article focuses on energy storage systems (ESS) based on the electrochemical accumulation of energy stored in a liquid vanadium-electrolyte thanks to its reduction-oxidation capabilities. The characteristics and design criteria are simply illustrated in this article to allow the reader to appreciate the important features of this material and the role that redox flow batteries could play in several civil and industrial applications in the near future. Finally, the status of maturity of each technology should be considered to estimate the potential improvements that could be expected.