Early Renaissance Production Recipes for Naples Yellow Pigment: A Mineralogical and Lead Isotope Study of Italian Majolica from Montelupo (Florence)

The Naples Yellow pigment was apparently used for the first time by the Egyptians, as a glass-colouring agent. Also known in the Mesopotamian and Roman cultures, the recipe was lost in Western Europe between the fourth and the 16th centuries AD. The recipe for the production of lead antimonate recently discovered in the 'Codice Calabranci' (second half of the 15th century) at Montelupo, a small town near Florence (Italy) known for its large-scale ceramic production, possibly represents the very first evidence of the reintroduction of Naples Yellow in Western Europe after a long period of absence. The major-element composition of the lead antimonate pigment in the Montelupo ceramics of the 15th and 16th centuries is in accordance with the 'Codice Calabranci' recipes. Lead isotope analyses indicate that the lead used to produce the yellow pigments and the underlying glaze of the Montelupo majolica did not come from the Tuscan mining districts, but was possibly imported via Venice from more distant lead sources in Turkey.