Habitat, morphology and trophism of Tritonia callogorgiae sp. nov., a large nudibranch inhabiting Callogorgia verticillata forests in the Mediterranean Sea

The continuing exploration of the Mediterranean deep sea reveals that a complete census of the biodiversity of one of the most studied marine areas in the world is yet to be fully accomplished. A tritoniid nudibranch new to science is described upon material recovered off the Montenegro margin, Adriatic Sea, associated with the alcyonacean Primnoidae Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766). Here, a coral forest dominated by C. verticillata, together with other alcyonaceans, antipatharians and scleractinians, represents the habitat of the new species. As documented by Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) observations, the coral forest covers an area of 600 m(2) at 420-426 m depth, with dense growth of C. verticillata colonies (1.34 +/- 0.08 colonies m(-2)). As many as 66 nudibranch specimens have been observed on C. verticillata. Tritonia callogorgiae sp. nov. (Gastmpoda, Nudibranchia, Tritoniidae) is up to 12 cm long, yellow to orange/reddish in colour with white papillae all over the body. It has a velum with six appendages (three per side), and 4-5 pairs of dichotomous gills. Internally, the species is distinguished from other tritoniids for the absence of stomach plates and a distinctive radula with formula 50 x 110.1.1.1.108. It represents the first case of Tritonia species living in the deep Mediterranean Sea and the only one associated to C. verticinata. Stomach content documents that Tritonia callogorgiae sp. nov. feeds on C. verticinata. Further visual ROV records from other sectors of the Mediterranean Sea indicate that the distribution of this new described species is almost basin-wide. The discovery of another undescribed member of the benthic megafauna related to deep-sea coral grounds further highlights the need for conservation of such habitats.