Lo stato dell'arte sulle smart grid: Orientamenti, attori, prospettive

This report provides an overview of the state of the art of smart grids in Italy and pinpoints the factors conditioning their development and application in our country, while providing the overall scenario and perspective regarding Europe and world wide. It identifies the main actors concerning industry, applications and research & development, provides an outline of the main Italian smart grid projects, and discusses drivers and barriers to wider adoption in Italy. The report includes three parts. The first part gives a conceptual definition of smart grids and points out the main economic and technical factors driving or conditioning their adoption within the context of present-day electric system. It is shown that there exist many different views of what a smart grid and, starting from that, it reaches its own synthetic definition; 'a smart grid delivers electricity from generators to end users by making use of ICT in such a way as to spare energy, reduce costs, increase reliability and transparency of the power system. Smart grids contribute to energy independency, decrease global warming and increase system security'. This way smart grids couple online monitoring, control and optimization capabilities to power transmission and distribution, in such a way as to achieve optimum efficiency and reduce global warming. Based on that definition, the report discusses the main features of smart grids: distributed power generation and energy storage, reduced environmental impact and network control issues. Drivers and barriers for further development and wider adoption include market pressure, end user behaviors and expectations, power system ageing and its current regulatory framework on one side, and enabling technologies on the other: information, communication and control, new materials, energy storage, power electronics and distributed generation. The second part focuses on relevant research & development projects. The chapter shows how the smart grid concept was born, its story and the overall related research & development in Europe and Italy. The smart grid concept was born in the USA based on seminal research at EPRI. Since the beginning, the US concept stresses on system security, because the US power system is both more vulnerable than the European one, and more likely to be the potential target for cyber wars. The term smart grids was introduced by the paper 'Toward A Smart Grid' by S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg, published by the IEEE Power & Energy Magazine, September/October 2005. The CIN/SI project lead by Massoud Amin at EPRI until 2003 had a seminal role in defining the intelligent interactive power network concept, although the main standpoints for developing this concept date back to two technical phenomena late in the eighties and nineties of last century: o widespread diffusion of power systems controls and especially the emergence of intelligent metering systems; o emergency of distributed power generation and the drive to wider adoption of renewables which are distributed by their nature. The European counterpart of the CIN/SI project is the European Technology Platform for the Electricity Networks of the Future, established December 2004: this groups the key industrial stakeholders and the research community and provides a vision for EU research in the area as summarised in this report, together with the key EU projects which gave background to the platform, and an overview of current major application projects: some of them will have substantial impact on the future European power system. The European vision is compared with the US one, where system security aspects prevail and there is stronger emphasis on application. Finally, based on a six layer functional model provided by the European Electricit